Ian just learned his final grade in his history class. he was upset because he thought he was going to do better and called his mother to tell her about it. after the call, ian's mother contacted the professor (without ian's permission or knowledge) to ask that ian's grade be changed because he had worked really hard in the class, or at least that he be given a chance to retake the final test. in this example, ian's mother is a parent.

Before they can be published, scientific papers must be peer-reviewed. this means that: a) some other scientific experts read the papers and guarantee that they are true.b) some other scientific experts read the papers and provide quality control by eliminating many mistakes.c) an editor reads the papers, to make sure that all the semicolons are in the correct places.d) everyone in the world is given the opportunity to comment on the papers through a specially maintainedblog.e) government bureaucrats read the papers, to be sure that the papers do not insult the political positions ofthe current officeholders.