How did improved ship designs and new tools make it safer to explore by sea

Ships got rudders and moveable sails. With these they were able to move better and catch winds rather than just sitting waiting for wind. Tools for navigation improved as well. The astrolabe was invented to allow the use of longitude and latitude settings. Ships were also bigger.

c. taught scientists many new things about the earth, but not other planets.

explanation:

the structure of state governments are determined by. "state constitutins'

under the us constitution, all state governments are.'republics'