. explain phenomena bill sees steam rising
from a teakettle boiling on a stove. he
says the steam is water vapor, and since
chemical reactions often produce a gas,
there must be a chemical reaction in the
kettle. what is bill's mistake?

f high

explanation:

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

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