When an x-ray beam is scattered off the planes of a crystal, the scattered beam creates an interference pattern. This phenomenon is called Bragg scattering. For an observer to measure an interference maximum, two conditions have to be satisfied:
The angle of incidence has to be equal to the angle of reflection.

The difference in the beam's path from a source to an observer for neighboring planes has to be equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength; that is,

2dsin(?)=m?for m=1,2,….

Part A

An x-ray beam with wavelength 0.240 nm is directed at a crystal. As the angle of incidence increases, you observe the first strong interference maximum at an angle 22.5 ?. What is the spacing d between the planes of the crystal?

Express your answer in nanometers to four significant figures.

Part B

Find the angle ?subcript2at which you will find a second maximum.

Express your answer in degrees to three significant figures.

In a thunderstorm, charge builds up on the water droplets or ice crystals in a cloud. thus, the charge can be considered to be distributed uniformly throughout the cloud. for the purposes of this problem, take the cloud to be a sphere of diameter 1.00 kilometer. the point of this problem is to estimate the maximum amount of charge that this cloud can contain, assuming that the charge builds up until the electric field at the surface of the cloud reaches the value at which the surrounding air breaks down. this breakdown means that the air becomes highly ionized, enabling it to conduct the charge from the cloud to the ground or another nearby cloud. the ionized air will then emit light due to the recombination of the electrons and atoms to form excited molecules that radiate light. in addition, the large current will heat up the air, resulting in its rapid expansion. these two phenomena account for the appearance of lightning and the sound of thunder. take the breakdown electric field of air to be eb=3.00ă—106n/c. part a estimate the total charge q on the cloud when the breakdown of the surrounding air is reached. express your answer numerically, to three significant figures, using ďµ0=8.85ă—10â’12c2/(nâ‹…m2) .

Acombination reaction is when two or more combine to form one product. a decomposition reaction is when a substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances in a chemical reaction.

Students design a model roller-coaster track. they place a rubber ball at the highest point on the track and let it go. the ball rolls along the track pulled only by the force of gravity. eventually, it comes to a stop. which change to the design will result in the ball moving the greatest distance?