What do courts try to determine before they rule on whether the government
can limit first amendment free speech rights in a certain situation?

a. whether the speech contains messages that are critical of
government officials

b. whether one person's exercise of free speech would infringe on
other citizens' rights

c. whether the speech reflects an individual's beliefs or the beliefs of
a larger organization

d. whether the message conveyed in the speech is important to the
whole community

B. Whether one person's exercise of free speech would infringe on  other citizens' rights

Explanation:

The reason for this, is that the courts are trying to balance the freedom of speech of some citizens (most of the time a minority group), vs the beliefs of the public (usually the majority group). As long as the free speech does not infringe the rights of the majority group, the minority group can still rule. This is also true with the government. The Government (minority group) cannot limit the public (majority group) except for certain cases that may infringe the public good, for example, taking down a newspaper that leaks important information.

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when people started to question traditional christian beliefs, they became criminals in the eyes of the church: they were accused of heresy and then, executed. the church held unbelievable power and anyone who tried to defy it or its beliefs, was demonized and persecuted.

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the conditions that made the byzantine empire vulnerable to attacks by the muslin turks were the sack of constantinople by western crusaders, the conquests of the sultanate of rum, presence of rival kingdoms and finally the set up of fiefdoms at the empire which were owned by the ghazis (turkish warriors).