What are injuries or illnesses that affect your muscles, tendons, nerves, joints, ligaments, cartilage, and nervous system called?

They are called musculoskeletal disorders, also known as MSDs, or more commonly as "repetitive stress injury","repetitive motion injury", "overuse injury"; they specifically are "musculoskeletal" as they involve exactly the parts included in this quesition, that is, "your muscles, tendons, nerves, joints, ligaments, cartilage, and nervous system". They can arise from sudden forceful movements, repetitive strains, bad posture, exposure to extreme vibration and force, poor fitness or poor health habits.