The relationship between industrialization and urbanization lies in the fact that it is the industrial process that dynamizes societies and acts to modernize them, although this is not the only factor responsible for this. Thus, the so-called attractive factors of cities are expanded, that is, the set of characteristics of the urban environment that attracts migrants from the countryside.
Moreover, among the effects of industrialization on urbanization are the transformation of the countryside and, by extension, the repulsive factors of the countryside, that is, the rural elements responsible for sending the rural population relatively forcefully to the cities. In this case, we can mention the mechanization of agricultural activities, which lead to the replacement of a large number of workers by machinery and the type of agrosystem adopted. This mechanization is intensified by the technical innovations produced by industrialization. Therefore, industrialization intensifies the urbanization of societies in order to promote the formation of the rural exodus, which is the mass migration of the population from the countryside to the cities, besides attracting this migration to the most industrialized areas, where there is more direct employment. and indirectly produced by industries.
It is worth remembering that it is not only the industrial activity itself that generates greater demographic attractiveness for cities, but the economic dynamics produced by it, which causes the emergence of greater opportunities in other branches of the economy, especially in the tertiary sector (commerce and services). Not coincidentally, the countries that have advanced the most in the process of industrialization and modernization of societies are those that most present a tertiary sector as the predominant composition in the production of wealth in their respective economies.
In addition to attracting greater demographic volume and intensifying urbanization, the effects of industrialization on cities can also be felt in the hierarchical composition of the territorial division of geographical space. In predominantly agrarian societies, the countryside has a preponderant relationship over cities, as they depend on the countryside for the generation of food, raw materials and capital movements. With industrialization, cities modernize and subordinate the countryside, which becomes dependent on the urban environment for the reception of machines, technological apparatus, skilled labor, scientific knowledge applied to production, among other elements.
Therefore, in summary, we can say that the effects of industrialization on urbanization are: intensification of city growth; population concentration; growth of the tertiary sector and the inversion of the subordination relationship between countryside and city. These aspects are general indicative and need to be appropriately adapted to the understanding of each occurrence throughout the world geographic space.
