Where in this sentence is there a grammatical error?

"by reading history we come to understand that civil wars have occurred in many countries including england, spain, and russia."

Which revision fixes the dangling modifier in this sentence? while reading a new mystery book, my dog curled up in my lap and slept. a.) curled up in my lap, my dog slept while reading a new mystery book. b.) while i was reading a new mystery book, my dog curled up in my lap and slept. c.) my dog, while reading a new mystery book, curled up in my lap and slept. d.) curling up in my lap while reading a new mystery book, my dog slept.

Urban and rural antonyms synonyms neither

That alligator hungry. vittles very scarce that time a season. his belly be pinchin him hard, now. but bruh deer is fat, and so he is in heavy trouble. the alligator there in front of him. the beagles there behind him. what bruh deer gone do? he sees the alligator and he hears the beagles. how does the author readers understand what the word pinchin means?