Paul is an employee at a marketing firm. He is someone who prefers to be instructed by his seniors and avoids taking major responsibilities. He rarely uses his own judgment or creativity while doing a task in fear of putting things at risk. Paul's conduct in the workplace is consistent with the assumptions of .

The options for this question are the following:

A. expectancy theory

B. Theory Y

C. equity theory

D. Theory X

The correct answer is D. Theory X.

Explanation:

In theory X, managers and company administrators believe that workers only perform well under pressure or threats. Only in this way, according to Theory X, is it possible to improve labor growth and production. In the second proposal, which corresponds to Theory Y, company managers think that officials want and also need to work. These proposals corresponding to the theories "X" and "Y" were presented in the book The Human Side of Organizations (1960), by McGregor. This book was, in a way, a manifesto of the author to change and improve the treatment towards employees and modify the way in which personnel are administered. With the publication of this work began a trend of recognition and assessment of the employee in a humane and comprehensive way.