Which mutation causes either the inclusion of an extra chromosome in offspring or the deletion of an entire chromosome?
a) deletion
b) insertion
c) crossing-over
d) non-disjunction

D)non-disjunction

Explanation:

Our cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). When a cell divides (mitosis or meiosis) and there is no separation of homologous chromosomes (equal to each other or forming a pair) a disjunction creates a cell or gamete (eggs and sperm) with more or less genetic material. A classic example of non-disjunction is the selection of chromosomes 21 in meiosis, producing fertilized gametes resulting in Down Syndrome or free chromosome 21 trisomy.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.