Explain why it is necessary to include only one chain-terminating/synthesis-termina ting nucleotide in each well of the electrophoresis instrument.

i would go with b

cytokinesis occurs after telophase so that eliminates d

and the entire reason for cytokinesis is for cellular reproduction

substitution is the answer in this case

primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. secondary succession occurs

well for one plants are always the producer, so a is the answer. a wolf is more of the consumer(predator) and the deer is the prey so i know those two are out of the question. also mushrooms are fungi/fungus so a is the producer.