Gram staining It is a differential staining method to differentiate between gram positive and gram-negative bacteria based on the differences in their cell wall composition. Gram positive bacteria has a thick meshwork of peptidoglycan layer due to which crystal violet iodine complexes get entrapped in between them and it appears purple. Gram negative bacteria does not have a thick meshwork of peptidoglycan, instead it is thin and therefore unable to trap crystal violet iodine complexes and loses purple color on alcohol wash. Rather, it gets a reddish oranges color on staining with safranine. Procedure - 1. On a slide, make bacterial smear. 2. Heat fix the cells. 3. Add a drop of crystal violet on the slide and wait for 1 minute. Wash off excess stain with water. 4. Add a drop of iodine on the slide and wait for 1 minute. Wash off the excess stain with water. 5. Wash with alcohol and wait for 30 seconds. Wash with water. 6. Wash with safranine and wait for 30 seconds. Wash with water. Gram positive will appear purple and gram negative will appear orange. Flu is causes by virus and therefore, cannot be detected by gram staining. Spore stain is primary staining method which uses malachite green dye to stain endospores. Simple stain is used to visualize bacteria by using only one stain. If it stains the bacteria, then it is positive stain and if it stains the background and bacteria is colorless then it is negative stain

The above shows the procedures of the Gram's staining method, The result and important of colour in differentiating the bacteria. A little insight into staining endospore.

Explanation:

Stainings is a reagent or dye used to stain microscope specimens so as to make some structures visible.

Peptidogycan is a derivative polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls and varies in compositional concentration from species to species.

Cell wall- A thick, fairly rigid, layer formed around individual cells of bacteria, Archaea, fungi, plants, and algae (but not animals and other protists which generally have cell membranes without cell walls). The cell wall is external to the cell membrane and serves a structural function helping the cell maintain its shape and protecting the cell from damage.

There different types of staining techniques and classification based on the aim of the experiment and here is a few;

The etymology is from Gram + positive, is named after Dan ish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who invented the Gram staining technique.

Used in bacteriology , bacteria that stains dark blue or violet after Gram staining, due to large quantities of peptidoglycan in the cell wall are gram positive.

And gram-negative bacteria is one that is not stained violet by Gram's method.

A spore is thick resistant particle produced by a bacterium or protist to survive in harsh or unfavorable conditions.

Spore staining (malachite green) however can be used to differentiate sporulating bacteria species.

The above shows the procedures of the Gram's staining method, The result and important of colour in differentiating the bacteria. A little insight into staining endospore.

in situ hybridization has been widely used for research applications, including clinical cytogenetics, gene mapping, tumor biology and studies of chromosome evolution.

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explanation: