The first species to live on new land, such as that formed from volcanic lava, are
climax community
keystone species
foundation species
pioneer species

The correct option is : D. pioneer species

Explanation:

Pioneer species are the first species to colonize a sterile area or a previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystem, disturbed by a natural disaster, fire, etc. Some of the examples of pioneer species are: lichens, green algae, lyme grass, etc.

Generally, no other source of energy is available in such areas except sunlight. Therefore, in such areas, the pioneer species are generally photosynthetic plants.

b exhibiting favoritism toward the kikuyu people.