Species richness increases a) as one travels north from the equator. b) as one travels north from the south pole. c) on islands as distance from the mainland increases. d) as rates of evapotranspiration decrease. e) as community size decreases.

B) as one travels north from the South Pole

Explanation:

The South Pole is one of the most inhospitable places for living on the planet, be it for humans, animals, or plants. The temperatures are always far below zero, there are ice sheets that have a depth of several kilometers, and very strong freezing winds. As we move north of the South Pole, practically toward the lower latitudes and the Equator, the living conditions gradually improve more and more. The climate is much more pleasant, there's different types of soil, precipitation and that results in gradual increase in the number of species that live in those areas. As we will be getting closer and closer to the Equator, the abundance of species will skyrocket, with millions of different species living in that part of the planet because it is always warm and there's large amounts of water and precipitation, providing excellent conditions for enormous amount of species to prosper.

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explanation:

cells use diffusion to get substances in and out of themselves. that diffusion will occur across the cell membrane or the outer covering of the cell. because we are talking about the surface of the cell, surface area and volume are  important factors here. as a cell increases in size, its surface area and volume increase as well.  we call that the surface area to volume ratio (sa: vol).  but the catch is that  volume increases at a greater rate than surface  area. in other words, as a cell gets bigger, the sa: vol gets smaller. so a really small cell like bacteria is mostly cell membrane (surface) with very little contents (volume). a really big cell like an egg, is mostly insides with a super thin membrane. so what ends up happening is that the cell cannot efficiently diffuse all of the stuff it needs in/out to survive. therefore cell size is limited to about 100mm. so how do we make organisms bigger than 100mm? cells divide! by dividing and becoming multicellular, organisms are able to grow!   check out the diagrams i attached to see the effect of sa: vol. i hope this ! good luck!