The earth’s is broken up into a bunch of discrete pieces, called plates that move around the surface of the planet. asthenosphere geosphere lithosphere mesosphere

The answer is lithosphere. The lithosphere makes up the sphere of Earth that contains all the tectonic plates, these plates have faults and cracks and they shift around a little bit, which causes earthquakes and other natural disasters.

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when the displaced particles are perpendicular to the direction the wave travels, is called a transverse wave, whereas in longitudinal wave the displace practices are parallel to the direction of the wave.

in the given image:

first image shows - longitudinal wave

second image shows - transverse wave

third image shows - longitudinal wave

fourth image shows - longitudinal wave