How does caffeine cause muscle cramping?

the cladogram shown here shows similarities and differences among several classes of vertebrates. anatomically, the four have limb structure as their common ancestor. we might separate the mammals from the other three classes because they a) divergent; do not lay eggs b) identical; are warm-blooded c) varied; a four chambered heart d) homologous; have mammary glands

yes

no

blue is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. this is why we see a blue sky most of the time.