To what extant can interpersonal conflict affect communication in a relationship

What does constitutional republics mean

George orwell intended for his novel to be a warning against totalitarianism. use examples from the novel to show things that are present in the novel that can be found in societies today.

Do the certificate in a summer course give credits? if so, how many credits? and also, could you tell me which are the summer course and schools you know that give credits?