The divisions of psychology listed by the apa today gives a clear indication of the:

The American Psychological Association (APA) is an expert association that speaks to clinicians in the United States. APA instructs the general population about brain research, behavioral science and psychological wellness. The American Psychological Association is the biggest scientific and expert association of therapists in the United States, with around 117,500 individuals including researchers, teachers, clinicians, advisors, and understudies.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

"choosing is refusing" means individuals face an opportunity cost with each decision they make. economists state that every decision involves trade-offs. opportunity cost is the least desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision.