In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. a second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. in the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. despite note receicing reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first group. the learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called

absolute poverty the condition of having too little income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

achieved status a social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

affirmative action the requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

aggregate a collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

agrarian societies societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

alienation the separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

amalgamation the biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

anomalies in science observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

anomie a breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. a condition of relative normlessness.

anomie theory the theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

anticipatory socialization the process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future.

apartheid the recent policy of racial separation in south africa enforced by leg

explanation:

jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium just like a star. spectral analysis of jupiter has revealed that in addition to hydrogen and helium, the planet is made of water, methane and ammonia. those elements are in trace amounts. the core of the planet is thought to contain some rock and metallic hydrogen. i hope this will give you the answer to your question! : d