Decentralization of political authority in the united states is chiefly promoted by

Federalism.

Explanation:

Federalism is a system of political organization that is known for the political decentralization it provides because it unites separate states with a federal government. To work the federalist system gives certain powers to the states and certain powers to the federal government, in a way that they don’t override one another. In a few subjects, the states have certain liberty from the federal government at the same time the federal government has authority over other areas.

in 342 bc j._c. egypt fell into the hands of the persians, under the reign of nectanebo ii

greek city-states unite in a revolt against the persian empire at the beginning of the fifth century bc. j.-c  

from the year 660 or 659 bc ad, cyrus preached the revolt against the medes to deliver the persians.

the first question's answer is a.