According to skinner, a grandfather who smiles whenever the baby says "pa-pa" is providing reinforcement for talking.

Reinforcement isn't so much a thing as it is connection between a conduct and an occasion that tails it. Practices frequently increment when nearly took after by specific occasions. For example a puppy gazes toward its lord amid dinner and gets a piece of meat from the table. Rather than leaving the puppy gazes upward once more, perhaps with more enthusiasm this time. Everybody has seen this sort of conduct in creatures, kids, and even grown-ups, yet Skinner could quantify correctly the quality of the impact over an assortment of schedules of reinforcement.

the rebels’ chances of victory at lexington & concord were fairly slim, given the fact that most of them very untrained and they were up against the world's greatest military force.