When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in: a. expressive leadership b. group solidarity c. laissez-faire decision making d. groupthink?

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?