Hartley (1946) demonstrated that there can be a generalized tendency to reject minority groups of all sorts and stereotypes can exist apart from any need to rationalize or justify dominant-group advantages when he found that:

Aguiding principle of the national response framework is that: a. response partners use nonstandard structures to allow for flexible and scalable responses. b. unity of effort results when responding agencies are willing to relinquish their authorities. c. effective partnership relies on engaging all elements of the whole community. d. readiness to act encourages response partners to self-dispatch to an incident scene.