The case of superstitious behavior illustrates the fact that: learning can occur when the reinforcer is delayed. learning occurs when the correlation between the ongoing behavior and the response is zero. the correlation between response and reinforcer does not necessitate a causal relation. a causal relation between response and reinforcer is required for learning to occur.

Read the following: (1) liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since a really beautiful woman moved in next door; (2) unable to accept his desire for other young men, 15-year-old juan immerses himself into his studies; (3) shauntel tells people that her coworker mary dislikes her; though if she were honest, shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes mary; (4) "ben's nasty; he's disgusting," says renee; but renee secretly finds ben attractive. describe the defense mechanism he or she is using.