Dovidio and his colleagues argue that cooperation has an especially positive impact when people are able to keep their ingroup identities intact. people working on a task have relatively low self-esteem. it leads people to define a new, inclusive group. groups are relatively independent.

According to the argument posed by Dovidio and his colleagues, cooperation has an especially positive impact when it leads people to define a new, inclusive group. An inclusive group makes room to accommodate new members while an exclusive group seeks to limit membership to those who can meet some strict requirements of who have a special status.

- "ethical issues. deception – the participants actually believed they were shocking a real person and were unaware the learner was a confederate of milgram's. however, milgram argued that “illusion is used when necessary in order to set the stage for the revelation of certain difficult-to-get-at-truths.” "

- "milgram's work was conducted in the early 1960s before the current.the studies ignited a debate about the ethical treatment of participants. what appear to be dangerous, if not deadly, electric shocks and the by today's ethical standards, many questions about the research have gone unanswered."

answer; /// i believe the correct answer is (b) disposition