Gender is best understood as being and sexual orientation is best understood as being

The answer to this question is on a continuum; on a continuum
On continuum means that they contain some elements are not perceptibly different from each other, 
For example, it almost impossible to tell someone's sexual orientation unless we let that person to experience with it freely without imposing any judgement.

3or 4 because it can’t be 1 or 2 because citizens who followed the renaissance were challenged the idea of religion and government