7.) which adjective best describes the islamic caliphate under the abbasids compared to the caliphate under the umayyads? a. centralized b. devout c. inclusive d. isolationist 8.) the muslims taboo against idolatry encouraged the mastery of which art formals in islamic culture? a. calligraphy b. iconography c. portraiture d. sculpture 9.) muslim scholars launched the study of which field? a. algebra b. astronomy c. history d. philosophy

7. C. inclusive

After the abbasids obtained power, they change the social structure in their territories so it's become more inclusive to non-arab Muslims. They started to accept Persian Muslims as scholars and nobles. They also entrusted the Persians to help regulate non-Arab Muslims territory that still belong to the Abbasid.

8. A. Calligraphy

Idolatry refers to the worships of a certain creatures or humans as an idol, and this is seen as taboo by islamic culture. Creating statues of heroic figures that being done by the Greeks and the Romans is seen as the act of idolatry. Because of this, islamic culture turn to caligraphy (the art of aesthetic writing) as their art mastery.

9. A. Algebra

Even though many scholars involved in the development, Al-Khwarizmi is the most famous figure among those scholars. In his books, he introduced linear and quadratic equations to the world, in which we can learn on how to  quadratic equations by completing the square along with the justifications on how his method is correct. Due to this accomplishment, he was appointed as the leader of  House of Wisdom in Baghdad