Professional organizations that controlled how their industry operated and protected their members' interests against outsiders were called

forty niners migrated west due to gold discovery in california and it the west was a new place for hope this : )

explanation:

concurrent jurisdiction is the ability to exercise judicial review by different courts at the same time, within the same territory, and over the same subject matter. for instance, a domestic violence matter may be heard in either a general civil court or a family court in the same county. whichever court actually exercises its jurisdiction first will do so exclusively.