Alene says, "if a is older than b, and b is older than c, then a must be older than c." janis can not understand this. alene explains, "if your friend john is older than you are, and you are older than your cousin mary, then john must be older than mary." janis says, "i got it." in this example, alene shows thought, while janis shows thought.

Alene shows abstract thinking or thought because she has the ability to ponder about things, philosophies, and notions that are not actually present or there. While Janis shows concrete thinking or thought because she uses literal thinking. This means that it is focused on the real world. It is the reverse of abstract thinking. People who are involved in concrete thinking are concentrated on truths in the present, physical things, and literal meanings.

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