Which of the following was not one of the original 13 american colonies?
a. vermont
b. georgia
c. massachusetts
d. north carolina

The answer is A. Vermont. The original 13 colonies included New Hampshire, Delaware, New York, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, virginia, etc. Vermont was established way after the 13 colonies were established

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.