The bystander effect refers to the finding that an observer of an emergency is less likely to help if the:

true

explanation:

classical republicanism, also known as civic humanism, is a form of republicanism  developed in the renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of  classical  antiquity, especially such  classical  writers as aristotle, polybius, and cicero.

answer; the answer to the first question is (king james ii was replaced by his daughter mary and her dutch husband william of orange;