According to expectancy theory, instrumentality is Multiple Choice the likelihood that a person would repeat an action after receiving negative reinforcement. the likelihood that a person would repeat an action after receiving positive reinforcement. any consequence resulting from performance. the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome. the value that expected outcomes hold for the person contemplating them.

Many scholars and observers have argued that the ratification of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution has become the single most important act in all of united states politics. (a) identify which provision of the fourteenth amendment was applied to the following supreme court cases. for each case, explain the significance of the decision in united states politics. ' mapp v. ohio (1961) ' gideon v. wainwright (1963) (b) identify which provision of the fourteenth amendment was applied to the following supreme court cases. for each case, explain the significance of the decision in united states politics. ' brown v. board of education (1954) ' baker v. carr (1962) ' regents of the university of california v. bakke (1978)