The general manager of an engineering company wants to know if a technical artist's experience affects the quality of their work. A random sample of 24 artists is selected and their multi-year work experience and quality rating recorded (reviewed by their supervisor). Years of work experience (EXPER) and quality ratings (RATING) take a value from 1 to 7, with 7 = excellent and 1 = poor. A simple regression model RATING = B, + BEXPER + e is proposed. The squared estimate of the model and the standard error of the estimate are %3D RATING = 3.204 + 0.076 EXPER (a) Outline the estimated regression function. Explain the coefficients of EXPER. (b) Construct a 95% confidence interval for B2, the slope of the relationship between quality ratings and experience. Confident? Test the null hypothesis that B2 is 0 compared to the solution without using two-tailed test and significance level 0.05. What to do (d) Test the null hypothesis that B2 is zero against the one-tailed option that it is positive at significance level a = 0.05. What do you conclude? (e) For the test in (c), the p-value is 0.0982. If we take the probability of a type I error to be a = 0.05. do we reject null hy pothe sis, just based on testing p value? Shows, in a graph, the calculated pkvalue. you conclude?

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.

d - failures.

the only attempted british colony in north america before 1600 was roanoke, virginia, which was a total failure. england claimed several areas, including newfoundland, but made no sustainable attempts to colonize them before 1600.