Researchers using the Implicit Association Test have found that people who were more quick to associate good things with White names or faces also were the quickest to perceive anger and apparent threat in Black faces. Their findings demonstrate:

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.

answer; having the power of reprieve means being able to release people from punishment;

answer; sutherland-differential association;

the answer is 12 gallons