an association claim with – variables can be examined with a – correlation, and the results of the test have two primary components. the first component tells you whether the association is positive or negative; it is referred to as – . the second component tells you how closely the variables are associated; it is referred to as – .

Early 18th century british industries were generally small scale and relatively unsophisticated. most textile production, for example, was centred on small workshops or in the homes of spinners, weavers and dyers: a literal ‘cottage industry’ that involved thousands of individual manufacturers. such small-scale production was also a feature of most other industries, with different regions specialising in different products: metal production in the midlands, for example, and coal mining in the north-east.two illustrations of 18t