Cities first appeared in the southern region of this land with the earliest dating back to about 3500 B. C.E. These were similar to small, independent countries. Each had their own
ruler, as well as their own farmland to provide food. Suppose that you were visiting one of
these early cities. You would see a walled settlement surrounded by farmland used to
supply food for the city, as well as strong city walls constructed with sunbaked bricks.
Moats, or ditches filled with water, would surround these walls and help keep out
enemies. During an attack, people living outside the city walls would flee inside for
protection.
An important idea in the paragraph above is...
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