The assertion that non-formal institutions have no role to play at the PROCESSING STAGE of the Systems Theory is an empty rhetoric. Comment.

Non-formal institutions play an important role in the growth and development process.

Non-formal institutions play a significant role in the processing stage of the systems. This type of education is also known as community education, adult education and second-chance education. There are many fields in which we learn with the help of non-formal institutions such as swimming session, sports program and education etc. These non-formal institutions provides education to those who can't get proper education or give extra knowledge to the people.

I will say the assertion is automatically rhetoric.

Explanation:

since the processing stage of the system theory is where deliberation on inputs takes place, which mainly is done by the formal institutions i.e. the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, it is however said that, there isn't a smoke without fire. this implies that, the inputs comes in a form of demands and supports which is generated from the environment. The environment also includes Non-formal institutions and the ordinary citizen. So therefore Non-formal institutions play a large role, in fact the fundamentals when it comes processing stage of the system theory.  

answer; i believe the correct answer is (4) flip a coin as each participant arrives,heads indicates assignment to the first group: tails indicates assignment to the second group;

answer; collectivism;