A social scientist wants to understand why gender differences seem so persistent even though gender is socially constructed. She decides to study gender as a product of a given interaction rather than a product of an individual's gender identity. In doing so, she is approaching the study of gender inequality from which theoretical perspective

An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.