Anything that hampers any stage of the communication process refers to

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

Although there are no options attached we can answer the following.

Anything that hampers any stage of the communication process refers to "noise."

If we take teh Harold Laswell model of Communication as a reference, we can observe how there is a Communicator of "Who" that transmits a message or "Says what" throughout a channel or medium. The message gets to the receiver with a specific effect. To complete the model, there is some feedback from the receiver so the communicator confirms his message was correctly received. In between each of these components of the model, can be "noise" that can interfere with the clarity of the message.

That is why the communicator should transmit the message with clarity, precision, in time, and be specific.

the united states has a federal government. the president is the head of the federal government of the united states. however, each state forms its government for administration purposes. the powers of the state governments are exercised within restricted state boundaries. and citizens participate in this government by voting.