The first time Connor goes to the beach, there is litter on the beach, the water is cold, and he is frightened by the large waves. Connor forms a negative attitude about the beach through:

Which of the following  bestillustrates a negative reinforcer?               a.  copland gives up candy to stave off chronic acid indigestion.    b.  nancy learns that she prefers chocolate over vanilla.    c.  carmine changes his major to english lit after failing a math exam.    d.  on a hot day, lindberg always drinks lemonade.