You have been asked to evaluate the effectiveness of a new anti-smoking campaign in a local high school. You are able to collect pretest information on smoking rates before the campaign begins. You know that the entire school will be required to participate in the campaign and so random assignment is impossible. You are also aware that a reduction in smoking after the campaign could be caused by any number of other confounding variables. What can you do in this situation to enhance your ability to determine if the campaign was effective in reducing smoking

Use comparative approach

Explanation:

In simple words, one can use the relative comparison approach by testing the process on some other subject having similar characteristics. Find a comparable college that isn't participating in the program and incorporate them in some non-equivalent control group. This will conclude the effectiveness as the conclusion will be made on the basis of higher volume of population.

answer; self-efficacy;

carefully examine the map above. based on your knowledge of colonialism in africa, the area attributed to belgium on this map is most likely the democratic republic of the congo.