Of the following, which sentence best shows the main idea of this article? 1. Non-participation is not a problem which stems from migration.
2. Citizenship tests construct an ideal of the good citizen which will be as remote to the majority of citizens as it will be to noncitizens, and in doing so reinforce the very constructions of difference which create exclusion and deepen divisions in society.
3. As full members of society, long-term resident noncitizens are no different to existing ‘bad citizens’ who also don’t conform to the good citizen ideal.
4. There is an argument that citizenship tests are necessary because they serve an important function in preserving the unique history and culture of the nation in an age of immigration.