Select the statement that shows how alvaria, a fictional country, practices protectionism.

(a.)to preserve and protect its culture, the alvarian government decided to make alvarian history and culture a compulsory subject from grades 5 to 10.
(b.) although alvaria has a flourishing beef industry, it recently opened its beef market to other nations, such as neighboring coland.
(c.) traders pay a 25% tariff on colandian beef imported into alvaria.
(d.) while traders do not pay a tariff for importing alvarian beef into coland, they are prohibited from importing more than 15,000 metric tons of beef.
(e.) competition with foreign producers has led to improved quality standards for alvarian beef.