"he wanted to do for psychology what the periodic table of the elements did for chemistry," lectures a psychology professor. to whom is the professor most likely referring?

The answer to this question is: titchner 
Edward B. Titchener was a British psychologist that responsible in creating his version of psychology that describes the structure of our mind.
Just like the elements on the periodic table, Edward B. Titcher wants to arrange the thigs that could influence human's intelligence

Social and economicthe concept of international social responsibility is the expectation that mncs concern themselves about social and economic effects of their decisions regarding activities in other countries.