Is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations.

The answer would be Sociolinguistics

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An informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.