According to the text, there are five essential elements to the definition of punishment. Which of the following is not one of these five elements?​ a. ​The person who inflicts the punishment has been authorized, under a system of rules or laws, to harm the person who is punished in this particular way. b. ​The person who inflicts the punishment causes a certain harm to the person who is being punished. c. ​There are at least two persons involved. d. ​The person who is being punished has been identified and judged by his/her victim.

According to the chart, the power to tax is a concurrent power, meaning a) it belongs to the state government. b) it is a government power that is shared. c) it is less important than the power to borrow money. eliminate d) it is more important than the regulating state trade.

Astudy that involves interviews of adults is eligible for expedited review. the researcher wants to add an adolescent population (aged 12 to 17) to the study and has designed a parental permission and assent process. no additional changes are planned. which of the following statements about review of the revised protocol is accurate? the research would only be eligible for expedited review if the adolescents are capable of understanding the same consent forms used for the adult population.the research would only be eligible for expedited review if the adolescents have been declared to be emancipated minors.the new research would need full review by a convened irb because children are a protected population.unless the nature of the questions would raise the level of risk to > minimal for adolescents, the research would still qualify for expedited review.

Abrief, "first-step" presentation of a work to be completed is called a