Which of the following was a social or economic circumstance within the european
colonies that contributed to anticolonial movements?

a) rapid industrialization within some colonies, which led to a growing middle class that
took a leadership role in the independence movement
b) the growing number of western-educated colonial elites who no longer viewed colonial
rule as a vehicle for their people’s progress
c)the refusal of colonial rulers everywhere to start planning for decolonization through
gradual political reforms
d)the spread of a militant anticolonial version of christianity