Jackson joined the Alpine cross-country ski club because he couldn't afford the cost of downhill skiing. Many members of his club think that downhill skiing is destroying the natural environment, and they often make derogatory remarks about downhillers. Since joining the club, Jackson has changed his attitude about downhill skiing. He now promotes the benefits of cross-country skiing and joins his new buddies in categorizing all downhill skiers as self-centered, uncaring destroyers of the environment. This example BEST illustrates:

d) all of these effects

Explanation:

This situation describes all of the above effects.

Out-group homogeneity effect is the tendency to describe everyone that is not in your group to be a certain way while people in your group are different which is the case here with Jackson's group thinking that all downhill skiers are destroyers.

In-group bias is also present here as it involves the favoring of one's group over others which Jackson does with his club and there is also stereotyping as there is a general belief about all the downhill skiers simply because they are downhill skiers.

no the answer is c only objects touching the earth's surface can be acted upon by an outside force