a. Contrast Lahore Resolution with Objective Resolution in the context of its aims, development and achievements.

Aims, development and achievements  are given below.

Explanation:

Main objectives of Lahore resolution are the following:

Lahore resolution held on March 23, 1940. In this resolution the Muslim's homeland can be built in north-east and north-west. The acceptance of the Pakistan resolution speedup the pace of freedom movement in the Indian sub-continent. It provides new energy and courage to the Muslims who are present around Muhammad Ali Jinnah for struggle for freedom. The achievement of this resolution is the creation of Pakistan.

Main objectives of objective resolution are the following:

Objective resolution held on March 7, 1949. Sovereignty of the entire Universe belongs to Allah alone . Authority should be given to the State through its people under the rules set by Allah . Constitution of Pakistan should be made and framed by the Constituent Assembly. State should exercise its powers through the chosen representatives . Muslims shall live their lives according the teaching of Islam. Minorities can freely profess their religion in the country. All the amendments proposed by minority members were rejected.

the above statement/question is (true);

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.