Why was there no tool that identified the measurement of longitude?

Which individual below advocated that democracy would give way to socialism and capitalism would change into communism?

Between 1518 and 1548, spanish conquistadores conquered most of the new world, motivated by the a) desire for scientific knowledge. b)  to urge to claim more territory for spain. c) belief that an all-water western route to the orient existed. d) desire to advance national glory, serve god, and seek personal wealth.

What refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country